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Level 3 · Advanced· 4 min read·Updated 2026-06-27

Flow dynamics

Between the PEM stack and the user's nose are several metres of tubing, a humidifier, and a cannula. Each adds resistance and can lose flow.

Key takeaways

Tubing diameter and length both affect delivered flow.
Humidifiers add resistance; high-output machines compensate.
Cannula fit changes effective delivered fraction.

Where flow is lost

A long, narrow cannula reduces delivered flow. So does a poorly seated humidifier. Quality machines measure delivered flow, not just stack output.

Frequently asked questions

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