Key takeaways
- 2 H₂O → 2 H₂ + O₂ at the cathode and anode.
- PEM membrane keeps H₂ and O₂ physically separated.
- DC voltage, stack area and water purity set the achievable flow rate.
The reaction
Water molecules at the anode lose electrons to form O₂ and H⁺. The protons cross the PEM membrane to the cathode, where they pick up electrons and combine to form H₂.
The H₂ stream is vented to the user outlet. The O₂ stream is vented to atmosphere.
What sets output
Flow rate is roughly proportional to current density across the active membrane area. Doubling output usually means doubling stack area, current, and cooling capacity.
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Source content adapted from technology.